| (B) analyze data by identifying significant statistical
features, patterns, sources of error, and limitations;
(C) use mathematical calculations to assess quantitative
relationships in data; and
(D) evaluate experimental and engineering designs.
(4) Scientific and engineering practices. The student
develops evidence-based explanations and communicates findings, conclusions,
and proposed solutions. The student is expected to:
(A) develop explanations and propose solutions supported
by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles,
and theories;
(B) communicate explanations and solutions individually
and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and
(C) engage respectfully in scientific argumentation
using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence.
(5) Scientific and engineering practices. The student
knows the contributions of scientists and engineers and recognizes
the importance of scientific research and innovation on society. The
student is expected to:
(A) analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations
and solutions by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and
experimental and observational testing, so as to encourage critical
thinking by the student;
(B) relate the impact of past and current research
on scientific thought and society, including research methodology,
cost-benefit analysis, and contributions of diverse scientists and
engineers as related to the content; and
(C) research and explore resources such as museums,
libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms,
and mentors employed in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
(STEM) or health science field in order to investigate careers.
(6) Human body organization. The student demonstrates
an understanding of the anatomic and physiological basis of life and
the ability to explain the interdependence of structure and function
in biological systems. The student is expected to:
(A) distinguish between the six levels of structural
organization in the human body, including chemical, cellular, tissue,
organ, system, and organism, and explain their interdependence;
(B) identify and use appropriate directional terminology
when referring to the human body, including directional terms, planes,
body cavities, and body quadrants;
(C) identify and describe the major characteristics
of living organisms, including response to stimuli, growth and development,
homeostasis, cellular composition, metabolism, reproduction, and the
ability to adapt to the environment;
(D) research and describe negative and positive feedback
loops as they apply to homeostasis; and
(E) research and identify the effects of the failure
to maintain homeostasis as it relates to common diseases in each of
the body systems.
(7) Histology. The student demonstrates the ability
to analyze the structure and function of eukaryotic cells in relation
to the formation of tissue. The student is expected to:
(A) define tissue and identify the four primary tissue
types, their subdivisions, and functions;
(B) compare epithelial tissue and connective tissue
in terms of cell arrangement and interstitial materials;
(C) describe the process of tissue repair involved
in the normal healing of a superficial wound; and
(D) describe the general metabolic pathways of carbohydrates,
lipids, and proteins.
(8) Skeletal system. The student analyzes the relationships
between the anatomical structures and physiological functions of the
skeletal system. The student is expected to:
(A) identify and differentiate between the axial skeleton
and appendicular skeleton;
(B) identify the types of joints, including gliding,
hinge, pivot, saddle, and ball and socket, and describe the movements
of each;
(C) identify and locate the anatomy of bone, including
spongy and compact tissue, epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity,
periosteum, bone marrow, and endosteum;
(D) explain the major physiological functions of the
skeletal system;
(E) describe the role of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and
osteoclasts in bone growth and repair;
(F) identify and describe the different types of fractures
such as compound, complete, simple, spiral, greenstick, hairline,
transverse, and comminuted; and
(G) identify and describe common diseases and disorders
of the skeletal system such as scoliosis, osteoporosis, and bone cancer.
(9) Integumentary system. The student analyzes the
relationships between the anatomical structures and physiological
functions of the integumentary system. The student is expected to:
(A) identify and describe the structures of the integumentary
system, including layers of the skin, accessory organs within each
layer, and glandular components in each layer;
(B) describe the factors that can contribute to skin
color;
(C) describe and explain the process of tissue repair
and scar formation; and
(D) identify and describe common diseases and disorders
of the integumentary system such as skin cancer and psoriasis.
(10) Muscular system. The student analyzes the relationships
between the anatomical structures and physiological functions of the
muscular system. The student is expected to:
(A) explain the major physiological functions of the
muscular system, including voluntary movement, involuntary movement,
heat production, and maintaining posture;
(B) explain the coordination of muscles, bones, and
joints that allows movement of the body, including the methods of
attachment of ligaments and tendons;
(C) examine common characteristics of muscle tissue,
including excitability, contractibility, extensibility, and elasticity;
(D) identify and describe the appearance, innervation,
and function of the three muscle types, including cardiac, skeletal,
and smooth;
(E) examine the microscopic anatomy of a muscle fiber,
including sarcomere, actin, and myosin;
(F) describe the mechanisms of muscle contraction at
the neuromuscular junction;
(G) name, locate, and describe the action of major
voluntary muscles in regions of the body, including the head and neck,
trunk, upper extremity, and lower extremity;
(H) identify and describe common diseases and disorders
of the muscular system such as muscle strains and muscular dystrophy;
and
(I) analyze and describe the effects of pressure, movement,
torque, tension, and elasticity on the human body.
(11) Nervous system. The student analyzes the relationship
between the anatomical structures and physiological functions of the
nervous system. The student is expected to:
(A) summarize and distinguish between the major physiological
functions of the nervous system, including sensation, integration,
and motor response;
(B) identify the senses and explain their relationship
to nervous system;
(C) investigate and explain the interdependence between
the cranial and spinal nerves with the special senses of vision, hearing,
smell, and taste;
(D) describe the anatomy of the structures associated
with the senses, including vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch;
(E) identify the anatomical and physiological divisions
of the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system;
(F) explain the glial cells within the central nervous
system and peripheral nervous system and their associated functions;
(G) analyze the functional and structural differences
between gray and white matter relative to neurons;
(H) distinguish between the types of neurons and explain
the initiation of a nerve impulse during resting and action potential;
(I) categorize the major neurotransmitters by chemical
and physical mechanisms; and
(J) identify and describe common diseases and disorders
of the nervous system such as epilepsy, neuralgia, Parkinson's disease,
and Alzheimer's disease.
(12) Endocrine system. The student analyzes the relationships
between the anatomical structures and physiological functions of the
endocrine system. The student is expected to:
(A) identify and locate the nine glands associated
with the endocrine system, including the ovaries, testes, pineal gland,
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, pancreas,
and adrenal glands;
(B) compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands
and identify the glands associated with each;
(C) describe the hormones associated with each endocrine
gland;
Cont'd... |
