| (D) evaluate experimental and engineering designs.
(4) The student develops evidence-based explanations
and communicates findings, conclusions, and proposed solutions. The
student is expected to:
(A) develop explanations and propose solutions supported
by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles,
and theories;
(B) communicate explanations and solutions individually
and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and
(C) engage respectfully in scientific argumentation
using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence.
(5) The student knows the contributions of scientists
and engineers and recognizes the importance of scientific research
and innovation on society. The student is expected to:
(A) analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations
and solutions by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and
experimental and observational testing so as to encourage critical
thinking by the student;
(B) relate the impact of past and current research
on scientific thought and society, including research methodology,
cost-benefit analysis, and contributions of diverse scientists and
engineers as related to the content; and
(C) research and explore resources such as museums,
libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms,
and mentors employed in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
(STEM) or health science field in order to investigate careers.
(6) The student analyzes the mechanisms of pathology.
The student is expected to:
(A) describe abnormal biological and chemical processes
at the cellular level;
(B) examine and analyze changes resulting from mutations
and neoplasms by examining cells, tissues, organs, and systems;
(C) investigate factors that contribute to disease,
including age, gender, environment, lifestyle, and heredity; and
(D) analyze and describe how the body's compensating
mechanisms attempt to maintain homeostasis when changes occur.
(7) The student examines the process of pathogenesis.
The student is expected to:
(A) differentiate and identify pathogenic organisms
using microbiological techniques such as gram staining, biochemical
identification, and microscopic observation;
(B) research and summarize the stages of pathogenesis,
including incubation period, prodromal period, and exacerbation or
remission;
(C) analyze the body's natural defense systems against
infection, including barriers, the inflammatory response, and the
immune response;
(D) analyze other mechanisms of disease prevention
and treatment such as vaccinations, antibiotics, chemotherapy, and
immunotherapy; and
(E) evaluate the effects of chemical agents, environmental
pollution, and trauma on the disease process.
(8) The student examines diseases throughout the body's
systems. The student is expected to:
(A) investigate the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis,
prognosis, and treatment of diseases;
(B) explore and describe advanced technologies for
the diagnosis and treatment of disease;
(C) research and describe reemergence of diseases such
as malaria, tuberculosis, polio, and measles;
(D) research the causes, prevention, and impact of
nosocomial infections and differentiate between the causes, prevention,
and impact of nosocomial infections versus community-acquired infections;
(E) research and describe antibiotic-resistant diseases
such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus;
(F) differentiate between various types of diseases
and disorders, including hereditary, infectious, and auto-immune;
and
(G) investigate ways diseases such as diabetes, Parkinson's,
lupus, and congestive heart failure affect multiple body systems.
(9) The student integrates the effects of disease prevention
and control. The student is expected to:
(A) evaluate public health issues related to asepsis,
isolation, immunization, and quarantine;
(B) analyze the effects of stress and aging on the
body;
(C) analyze patient medical data and interpret medical
laboratory test results to inform diagnosis and treatment;
(D) analyze and interpret epidemiological data to determine
common trends and predict outcomes in disease progression;
(E) research and summarize diseases that threaten world
health and propose intervention strategies; and
(F) develop a prevention plan that considers how behaviors
contribute to lifestyle diseases.
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