| (B) apply knowledge of current error prevention strategies
such as using Tall Man lettering, trailing/leading zeros, and barcodes;
separating inventory; and limiting use of error-prone abbreviations
to prevent medication errors;
(C) apply knowledge of various prescription errors
such as abnormal dose, early refill, incorrect quantity, incorrect
patient, and incorrect drug for improved accuracy;
(D) demonstrate how to assist pharmacists in recognizing
issues that require intervention such as adverse drug events, drug
utilization review (DUR), and use of equipment and devices; and
(E) demonstrate knowledge of medication errors such
as near miss and adverse events and various reporting procedures such
as MedWatch, vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS), and route-cause
analysis (RCA).
(8) The student applies pharmacy workflow procedures
according to federal, state, local, and facility guidelines. The student
is expected to:
(A) describe the process for creating a prescription
or medication order in compliance with pharmacy standards such as
standards for patient rights, completeness of a prescription or medication
order, and authorization;
(B) discuss the steps in verifying a prescription or
medication order such as right patient, right drug, right dosage,
right time, and right route;
(C) identify the proper procedures for entering a prescription
or medication order, including procedures for workstation, use of
technology, validation with drug enforcement administration (DEA)
calculations, and transcribing such as using military time and Roman
numerals;
(D) apply the proper techniques for filling a prescription
or medication order such as techniques for use of technology, counting,
and selecting the correct medication;
(E) explain the proper procedure for the administration
of prescription or medication orders such as ear drops, eye drops,
inhalations, parenteral, and enteral;
(F) demonstrate knowledge of the workflow process for
prescriptions and medication orders such as creation of the order,
order entry, adjudication, verification, filling, labeling, billing,
dispensing, and administration; and
(G) describe the elements of third-party billing for
out-patient dispensing, including prescription insurance ID cards,
group numbers, BIN numbers, prior authorization, quantity limits,
patient co-pays, maximum out-of-pocket costs, and deductibles.
(9) The student evaluates mathematical process standards
related to the practice of pharmacy. The student is expected to:
(A) calculate dosage calculations for adults and special
populations using conversions, ratios, and dimensional analysis to
perform duties in a pharmacy setting;
(B) apply conversions to systems of measurements, including
apothecary, metric, and household, to perform duties in a pharmacy
setting;
(C) calculate the flow rate (or rate of administration)
for an IV solution using ratios and conversions such as milliliters
to drops, weight, or hours to minutes;
(D) calculate days supply for a prescription order
given a dose and sig;
(E) calculate volume or mass of each of the total parenteral
nutrition (TPN) components such as lipids, amino acids, dextrose,
calcium, and magnesium;
(F) calculate volume or mass of ingredients needed
for compounding both sterile and non-sterile products;
(G) calculate amount needed for percent of weight-to-volume,
volume-to-volume, and weight-to-weight based on stock concentration;
and
(H) use calculations related to business math in a
pharmacy setting, including profit, net profit, discounts, mark-ups,
dispensing fee, average wholesale price, depreciation, and third-party.
(10) The student demonstrates the use of technology
in a pharmacy setting. The student is expected to:
(A) identify the types and uses of automated dispensing
technology such as cabinets, units, and carousels;
(B) demonstrate knowledge and components of pharmacy
dispensing software used in the out-patient setting, the in-patient
setting, and in-office use dispensing;
(C) apply professional standards using communication
technology such as telephone, emails, fax, electronic prescriptions,
and social media appropriate for a pharmacy setting;
(D) apply knowledge of technology hardware devices
for input and output such as computers, scanners, printers, interface
devices, and other devices; and
(E) select and use appropriate technology tools to
search for drug information such as pill identification, adverse events,
and contraindications.
(11) The student uses critical thinking, scientific
reasoning, research, or problem solving to make informed decisions
and communicate within and outside the classroom. The student is expected
to:
(A) critique the validity and reliability of scientific
research such as assessing for bias, conflict of interest, and study
design;
(B) demonstrate the ability to independently find valid
and reliable sources such as primary, secondary, and tertiary literature;
(C) identify safe use of online resources that maintain
the privacy and confidentiality of the user and patient;
(D) analyze online resources used in scientific research;
(E) describe the recent innovations and advances in
pharmacy;
(F) identify opportunities for extended learning experiences
such as community services, career and technical service organizations
(CTSOs), and professional organizations; and
(G) evaluate scientific information extracted from
various sources such as accredited scientific journals, institutions
of higher learning, current events, news reports, published journal
articles, and marketing and promotional materials.
(12) The student performs inventory procedures according
to federal, state, local, and facility guidelines. The student is
expected to:
(A) analyze proper storage for medications in regard
to temperature, light sensitivity, product demand, cost, and restricted
access;
(B) analyze therapeutic substitutions and product selection
using the knowledge of formularies or preferred product list;
(C) practice procedures for inventory control such
as removal of expired/recalled drug products, rotating inventory,
performing a physical inventory, and ordering medications/supplies;
(D) explain how just-in-time or drop ship ordering
and periodic automatic replenishment (PAR) levels are used to maintain
pharmacy inventory;
(E) analyze how laws affect the procedures for purchasing
or ordering medications, devices, and supplies; and
(F) analyze lot numbers, expiration dates, and National
Drug Codes (NDC) on drug packaging for inventory accuracy.
(13) The student demonstrates knowledge of safety procedures
in a pharmacy setting. The student is expected to:
(A) apply appropriate hygiene and cleaning standards,
including hand washing and cleaning counting trays, countertops, and
equipment;
(B) perform basic safety and emergency preparedness
procedures such as basic life support (BLS) and first aid applicable
to pharmacy services;
(C) explain the risks of drug diversion to employees,
patients, and the community;
(D) explain the potential solutions to minimize drug
diversion such as identifying red flags, controlling inventory, and
monitoring the prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP);
(E) explain the types and uses of PPE and the steps
for putting on (donning) and removing (doffing) PPE; and
(F) explain why collecting and documenting patient
allergies are important steps in medication safety.
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