| (D) research the impact of the endocrine systems on
homeostatic mechanisms and other body systems such as the integration
between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland;
(E) explain how the endocrine glands are regulated,
including neural, hormonal, and humoral control; and
(F) identify and describe common diseases and disorders
of the endocrine system such as hypothyroidism, pancreatic cancer,
and diabetes.
(13) Urinary system. The student analyzes the relationships
between the anatomical structures and physiological functions of the
urinary system. The student is expected to:
(A) identify and describe the anatomical structures
and functions of the urinary system, including the kidney, ureters,
bladder, and urethra;
(B) compare and contrast the anatomical structures
and describe the functions of the male and female urinary system;
(C) summarize and illustrate the structures, functions,
and types of nephrons;
(D) examine the methods of fluid balance and homeostasis
in the urinary system, including fluid intake and output;
(E) analyze the composition of urine and the process
of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion;
(F) describe the relationship between the nervous system,
renal system, and muscular system before and during micturition; and
(G) identify and describe common diseases and disorders
of the urinary system such as chronic kidney disease, kidney stones,
urinary tract infections, and renal cancer.
(14) Cardiovascular system. The student analyzes the
relationships between the anatomical structures and physiological
functions of the cardiovascular system. The student is expected to:
(A) identify the major functions of the cardiovascular
system, including transport, maintaining homeostasis, and immune response;
(B) compare and contrast the anatomical structure of
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins;
(C) investigate and illustrate how systemic circulation
transports blood, gasses, and nutrients from the heart to the internal
anatomy of the heart, including tissue layers, chambers, and valves,
and external anatomy of the heart, including coronary vessels;
(D) describe the relationship between blood flow and
blood pressure, including systolic and diastolic pressure, pulse pressure,
and mean arterial pressure;
(E) compare and contrast coronary, pulmonary, and systemic
circulation, and describe the major vessels of each;
(F) illustrate how the PQRST waves of an electrocardiogram
(EKG) demonstrate the conduction of electricity through the structures
of the heart;
(G) describe the relationship between the cardiovascular
system, nervous system, and muscular system in regulating cardiac
output; and
(H) identify and describe common diseases and disorders
of the cardiovascular system such as heart disease, myocardial infarction,
ischemia, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
(15) Lymphatic system. The student analyzes the relationships
between the anatomical structures and physiological functions of the
lymphatic system and understands the immune response. The student
is expected to:
(A) evaluate the interaction of the lymphatic system
with other body systems such as the circulatory system;
(B) describe the structure and function of the lymphatic
organs and explain how lymph moves through the body;
(C) identify and describe the role and function of
the immune cells, including T cells and B cells, within the lymphatic
system structures;
(D) identify and determine antigens associated with
ABO blood typing, including Rhesus (Rh) factor;
(E) summarize the ways the body protects and defends
against disease, including inflammation, barrier defenses, and active
and passive immunity;
(F) describe the role of antigens and antibodies in
the immune response; and
(G) identify and describe common diseases and disorders
associated with the lymphatic and immune systems such as inherited
or acquired immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and lymphomas.
(16) Digestive system. The student analyzes the relationships
between the anatomical structures and physiological functions of the
digestive system. The student is expected to:
(A) examine the anatomical structures and function
of the alimentary canal and accessory organs;
(B) compare and contrast mechanical and chemical digestive
processes;
(C) evaluate the modes by which energy is processed
and stored within the body, including ingestion, propulsion, absorption,
and elimination; and
(D) identify and describe common diseases and disorders
of the digestive system such as gallstones, Crohn's disease, irritable
bowel syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disorder.
(17) Respiratory system. The student analyzes the relationships
between the anatomical structures and physiological functions of the
respiratory system. The student is expected to:
(A) identify and sequence the anatomical structures
and functions of the respiratory system;
(B) compare and contrast the functions of upper and
lower respiratory tract;
(C) describe the physiology of respiration, including
internal and external respiration and gas exchange;
(D) describe the relationship between the respiratory
and cardiovascular systems during pulmonary circulation;
(E) investigate factors that affect respiration, including
exercise and environmental changes such as altitude; and
(F) identify and describe common diseases of the respiratory
system such as asthma, emphysema, pneumonia, viruses, and allergies.
(18) Reproductive system. The student analyzes the
relationships between the anatomical structures and physiological
functions of the reproductive system. The student is expected to:
(A) explain embryological development of cells, tissues,
organs, and systems;
(B) describe and examine the location, structure, and
functions of the internal and external female and male reproductive
organs and accessory glands;
(C) describe and compare the process of oogenesis and
spermatogenesis;
(D) research and discuss the physiological effects
of hormones on the stages of the menstrual cycle;
(E) identify and distinguish the hormones involved
in maturation and development throughout the life cycle, including
puberty, gestation, and menopause; and
(F) identify and describe common diseases and disorders
of the reproductive system such as sexually transmitted diseases and
cancers of the female and male reproductive systems.
(19) Emerging technologies. The student identifies
emerging technological advances in science and healthcare treatment
and delivery. The student is expected to:
(A) research and discuss advances in science and medicine
at the organ and tissue level such as bionics and wearable monitoring
technologies; and
(B) research and describe advances in science and medicine
at the cellular level such as stem cells and gene therapy.
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