| (3) Upon approval from the agency, the licensee may
adjust the effluent concentration values in Table II, of subsection
(ggg)(2) of this section, for members of the public, to take into
account the actual physical and chemical characteristics of the effluents,
such as, aerosol size distribution, solubility, density, radioactive
decay equilibrium, and chemical form.
(p) General surveys and monitoring.
(1) Each licensee shall make, or cause to be made,
surveys of areas, including the subsurface that:
(A) are necessary for the licensee to comply with this
chapter; and
(B) are necessary under the circumstances to evaluate:
(i) the magnitude and extent of radiation levels;
(ii) concentrations or quantities of residual radioactivity;
and
(iii) the potential radiological hazards of the radiation
levels and residual radioactivity detected.
(2) In addition to subsection (nn) of this section,
records from surveys describing the location and amount of subsurface
residual radioactivity identified at the site shall be kept with records
important for decommissioning, and such records shall be maintained
and retained in accordance with §289.252(gg) of this title (relating
to Licensing of Radioactive Material).
(3) The licensee shall ensure that instruments and
equipment used for quantitative radiation measurements, for example,
dose rate and effluent monitoring, are operable and calibrated:
(A) by a person licensed or registered by the agency,
the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), or any agreement
state to perform such service;
(B) at intervals not to exceed 12 months unless a different
time interval is specified in another section of this chapter;
(C) after each instrument or equipment repair;
(D) for the types of radiation used and at energies
appropriate for use; and
(E) at an accuracy within 20% of the true radiation
level.
(4) All individual monitoring devices, except for direct
and indirect reading pocket dosimeters, electronic personal dosimeters,
and those individual monitoring devices used to measure the dose to
any extremity, that require processing to determine the radiation
dose and that are used by licensees to comply with subsection (f)
of this section, with other applicable provisions of this chapter,
or with conditions specified in a license, shall be processed and
evaluated by a dosimetry processor:
(A) holding current personnel dosimetry accreditation
from the National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP)
of the National Institute of Standards and Technology; and
(B) approved in this accreditation process for the
type of radiation or radiations included in the NVLAP program that
most closely approximates the type of radiation or radiations for
which the individual wearing the dosimeter is monitored.
(5) All individual monitoring devices shall be appropriate
for the environment in which they are used.
(q) Conditions requiring individual monitoring of external
and internal occupational dose. Each licensee shall monitor exposures
from sources of radiation at levels sufficient to demonstrate compliance
with the occupational dose limits of this section. As a minimum:
(1) each licensee shall monitor occupational exposure
to radiation and shall supply and require the use of individual monitoring
devices by:
(A) adults likely to receive, in one year from sources
external to the body, a dose in excess of 10% of the limits in subsection
(f)(1) of this section;
(B) minors likely to receive, in one year from sources
of radiation external to the body, a deep dose equivalent in excess
of 0.1 rem (1 mSv), a lens dose equivalent in excess of 0.15 rem (1.5
mSv), or a shallow dose equivalent to the skin or to the extremities
in excess of 0.5 rem (5 mSv);
(C) declared pregnant women likely to receive during
the entire pregnancy, from sources of radiation external to the body,
a deep dose equivalent in excess of 0.1 rem (1 mSv); and
(D) individuals entering a high or very high radiation
area;
(2) notwithstanding paragraph (1)(C) of this subsection,
a licensee is exempt from supplying individual monitoring devices
to healthcare personnel who may enter a high radiation area while
providing patient care if:
(A) the personnel are not likely to receive, in one
year from sources external to the body, a dose in excess of 10% of
the limits in subsection (f)(1) of this section; and
(B) the licensee complies with the requirements of
subsection (e)(2) of this section; and
(3) each licensee shall monitor, to determine compliance
with subsection (i) of this section, the occupational intake of radioactive
material by and assess the committed effective dose equivalent to:
(A) adults likely to receive, in one year, an intake
in excess of 10% of the applicable ALI in Columns 1 and 2 of Table
I of subsection (ggg)(2) of this section;
(B) minors likely to receive, in one year, a committed
effective dose equivalent in excess of 0.1 rem (1 mSv); and
(C) declared pregnant women likely to receive, during
the entire pregnancy, a committed effective dose equivalent in excess
of 0.1 rem (1 mSv).
(r) Location and use of individual monitoring devices.
(1) Each licensee shall ensure that individuals who
are required to monitor occupational doses in accordance with subsection
(q)(l) of this section wear and use individual monitoring devices
as follows.
(A) An individual monitoring device used for monitoring
the dose to the whole body shall be worn at the unshielded location
of the whole body likely to receive the highest exposure. When a protective
apron is worn, the location of the individual monitoring device is
typically at the neck (collar).
(B) If an additional individual monitoring device is
used for monitoring the dose to an embryo/fetus of a declared pregnant
woman, in accordance with subsection (m)(1) of this section, it shall
be located at the waist under any protective apron being worn by the
woman.
(C) An individual monitoring device used for monitoring
the lens dose equivalent, to demonstrate compliance with subsection
(f)(1)(B)(i) of this section, shall be located at the neck (collar)
or at a location closer to the eye, outside any protective apron being
worn by the monitored individual.
(D) An individual monitoring device used for monitoring
the dose to the skin of the extremities, to demonstrate compliance
with subsection (f)(1)(B)(ii) of this section, shall be worn on the
skin of the extremity likely to receive the highest exposure. Each
individual monitoring device, to the extent practicable, shall be
oriented to measure the highest dose to the skin of the extremity
being monitored.
(E) An individual monitoring device shall be assigned
to and worn by only one individual.
(F) An individual monitoring device shall be worn for
the period of time authorized by the dosimetry processor's certificate
of registration or for no longer than three months, whichever is more
restrictive.
(2) Each licensee shall ensure that individual monitoring
devices are returned to the dosimetry processor for proper processing.
(3) Each licensee shall ensure that adequate precautions
are taken to prevent a deceptive exposure of an individual monitoring
device.
(s) Control of access to high radiation areas.
(1) The licensee shall ensure that each entrance or
access point to a high radiation area has one or more of the following
features:
(A) a control device that, upon entry into the area,
causes the level of radiation to be reduced below that level at which
an individual might receive a deep dose equivalent of 0.1 rem (1 mSv)
in one hour at 30 centimeters (cm) from the source of radiation from
any surface that the radiation penetrates;
(B) a control device that energizes a conspicuous visible
or audible alarm signal so that the individual entering the high radiation
area and the supervisor of the activity are made aware of the entry;
or
(C) entryways that are locked, except during periods
when access to the areas is required, with positive control over each
individual entry.
(2) In place of the controls required by paragraph
(1) of this subsection for a high radiation area, the licensee may
substitute continuous direct or electronic surveillance that is capable
of preventing unauthorized entry.
(3) The licensee may apply to the agency for approval
of alternative methods for controlling access to high radiation areas.
Cont'd... |
