| (B) identify that protons determine an element's identity
and valence electrons determine its chemical properties, including
reactivity;
(C) interpret the arrangement of the Periodic Table,
including groups and periods, to explain how properties are used to
classify elements;
(D) recognize that chemical formulas are used to identify
substances and determine the number of atoms of each element in chemical
formulas containing subscripts; and
(E) investigate how evidence of chemical reactions
indicates that new substances with different properties are formed
and how that relates to the law of conservation of mass.
(6) Force, motion, and energy. The student knows that
there is a relationship between force, motion, and energy. The student
is expected to:
(A) demonstrate and calculate how unbalanced forces
change the speed or direction of an object's motion;
(B) differentiate between speed, velocity, and acceleration;
and
(C) investigate and describe applications of Newton's
three laws of motion such as in vehicle restraints, sports activities,
amusement park rides, Earth's tectonic activities, and rocket launches.
(7) Earth and space. The student knows the effects
resulting from cyclical movements of the Sun, Earth, and Moon. The
student is expected to:
(A) model and illustrate how the tilted Earth rotates
on its axis, causing day and night, and revolves around the Sun, causing
changes in seasons;
(B) demonstrate and predict the sequence of events
in the lunar cycle; and
(C) relate the positions of the Moon and Sun to their
effect on ocean tides.
(8) Earth and space. The student knows characteristics
of the universe. The student is expected to:
(A) describe components of the universe, including
stars, nebulae, and galaxies, and use models such as the Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram for classification;
(B) recognize that the Sun is a medium-sized star located
in a spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy and that the Sun is many thousands
of times closer to Earth than any other star;
(C) identify how different wavelengths of the electromagnetic
spectrum such as visible light and radio waves are used to gain information
about components in the universe; and
(D) research how scientific data are used as evidence
to develop scientific theories to describe the origin of the universe.
(9) Earth and space. The student knows that natural
events can impact Earth systems. The student is expected to:
(A) describe the historical development of evidence
that supports plate tectonic theory;
(B) relate plate tectonics to the formation of crustal
features; and
(C) interpret topographic maps and satellite views
to identify land and erosional features and predict how these features
may be reshaped by weathering.
(10) Earth and space. The student knows that climatic
interactions exist among Earth, ocean, and weather systems. The student
is expected to:
(A) recognize that the Sun provides the energy that
drives convection within the atmosphere and oceans, producing winds;
(B) identify how global patterns of atmospheric movement
influence local weather using weather maps that show high and low
pressures and fronts; and
(C) identify the role of the oceans in the formation
of weather systems such as hurricanes.
(11) Organisms and environments. The student knows
that interdependence occurs among living systems and the environment
and that human activities can affect these systems. The student is
expected to:
(A) investigate how organisms and populations in an
ecosystem depend on and may compete for biotic factors such as food
and abiotic factors such as quantity of light, water, range of temperatures,
or soil composition;
(B) explore how short- and long-term environmental
changes affect organisms and traits in subsequent populations; and
(C) recognize human dependence on ocean systems and
explain how human activities such as runoff, artificial reefs, or
use of resources have modified these systems.
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