| (B) make informed decisions by evaluating evidence
from multiple appropriate sources to assess the credibility, accuracy,
cost-effectiveness, and methods used; and
(C) research and explore resources such as museums,
libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms,
and mentors employed in a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
(STEM) field to investigate STEM careers.
(5) Recurring themes and concepts. The student understands
that recurring themes and concepts provide a framework for making
connections across disciplines. The student is expected to:
(A) identify and apply patterns to understand and connect
scientific phenomena or to design solutions;
(B) identify and investigate cause-and-effect relationships
to explain scientific phenomena or analyze problems;
(C) analyze how differences in scale, proportion, or
quantity affect a system's structure or performance;
(D) examine and model the parts of a system and their
interdependence in the function of the system;
(E) analyze and explain how energy flows and matter
cycles through systems and how energy and matter are conserved through
a variety of systems;
(F) analyze and explain the complementary relationship
between the structure and function of objects, organisms, and systems;
and
(G) analyze and explain how factors or conditions impact
stability and change in objects, organisms, and systems.
(6) Matter and energy. The student understands that
matter can be classified according to its properties and matter is
conserved in chemical changes that occur within closed systems. The
student is expected to:
(A) explain by modeling how matter is classified as
elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures, or heterogeneous mixtures;
(B) use the periodic table to identify the atoms involved
in chemical reactions;
(C) describe the properties of cohesion, adhesion,
and surface tension in water and relate to observable phenomena such
as the formation of droplets, transport in plants, and insects walking
on water;
(D) compare and contrast the properties of acids and
bases, including pH relative to water; and
(E) investigate how mass is conserved in chemical reactions
and relate conservation of mass to the rearrangement of atoms using
chemical equations, including photosynthesis.
(7) Force, motion, and energy. The student understands
the relationship between force and motion within systems. The student
is expected to:
(A) calculate and analyze how the acceleration of an
object is dependent upon the net force acting on the object and the
mass of the object using Newton's Second Law of Motion; and
(B) investigate and describe how Newton's three laws
of motion act simultaneously within systems such as in vehicle restraints,
sports activities, amusement park rides, Earth's tectonic activities,
and rocket launches.
(8) Force, motion, and energy. The student knows how
energy is transferred through waves. The student is expected to:
(A) compare the characteristics of amplitude, frequency,
and wavelength in transverse waves, including the electromagnetic
spectrum; and
(B) explain the use of electromagnetic waves in applications
such as radiation therapy, wireless technologies, fiber optics, microwaves,
ultraviolet sterilization, astronomical observations, and X-rays.
(9) Earth and space. The student describes the characteristics
of the universe and the relative scale of its components. The student
is expected to:
(A) describe the life cycle of stars and compare and
classify stars using the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram;
(B) categorize galaxies as spiral, elliptical, and
irregular and locate Earth's solar system within the Milky Way galaxy;
and
(C) research and analyze scientific data used as evidence
to develop scientific theories that describe the origin of the universe.
(10) Earth and space. The student knows that interactions
between Earth, ocean, and weather systems impact climate. The student
is expected to:
(A) describe how energy from the Sun, hydrosphere,
and atmosphere interact and influence weather and climate;
(B) identify global patterns of atmospheric movement
and how they influence local weather; and
(C) describe the interactions between ocean currents
and air masses that produce tropical cyclones, including typhoons
and hurricanes.
(11) Earth and space. The student knows that natural
events and human activity can impact global climate. The student is
expected to:
(A) use scientific evidence to describe how natural
events, including volcanic eruptions, meteor impacts, abrupt changes
in ocean currents, and the release and absorption of greenhouse gases
influence climate;
(B) use scientific evidence to describe how human activities,
including the release of greenhouse gases, deforestation, and urbanization,
can influence climate; and
(C) describe the carbon cycle.
(12) Organisms and environments. The student understands
stability and change in populations and ecosystems. The student is
expected to:
(A) explain how disruptions such as population changes,
natural disasters, and human intervention impact the transfer of energy
in food webs in ecosystems;
(B) describe how primary and secondary ecological succession
affect populations and species diversity after ecosystems are disrupted
by natural events or human activity; and
(C) describe how biodiversity contributes to the stability
and sustainability of an ecosystem and the health of the organisms
within the ecosystem.
(13) Organisms and environments. The student knows
how cell functions support the health of an organism and how adaptation
and variation relate to survival. The student is expected to:
(A) identify the function of the cell membrane, cell
wall, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and
vacuoles in plant or animal cells;
(B) describe the function of genes within chromosomes
in determining inherited traits of offspring; and
(C) describe how variations of traits within a population
lead to structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations that
influence the likelihood of survival and reproductive success of a
species over generations.
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