| (C) compare and contrast the different applications
used in biotechnology laboratory procedures of each sector.
(8) The student understands the role of genetics in
the biotechnology industry. The student is expected to:
(A) explain terms related to molecular biology, including
nucleic acids, nitrogen bases, nucleotides, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, ribosomes,
amino acids, transcription, translation, polymerase, and protein synthesis;
(B) compare and contrast the structures and functions
of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA), including nitrogen bases, nucleotides,
the helical nature of DNA, and hydrogen bonding between purines and
pyrimidines;
(C) distinguish between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA
and their gamete sources;
(D) describe the DNA replication process in eukaryotic
and prokaryotic cells, including leading and lagging strands and Okazaki
fragments;
(E) illustrate the process of protein synthesis, including
ribosomal subunits and the role of tRNA;
(F) describe the structures and functions of proteins,
including three-dimensional folding, enzymes, and antibodies;
(G) explain the molecular structures of genes, including
enhancers, promoters, exons, introns, and coding regions;
(H) describe the different types of mutations, including
inversions, deletions, duplications, and substitutions;
(I) explain the effects of mutation types on phenotype
and gene function; and
(J) describe unique elements of the molecular structure
of a chromosome such as short tandem repeats (STR), transposons, and
methylation and acetylation of DNA.
(9) The student analyzes the importance of recombinant
DNA technology and genetic engineering. The student is expected to:
(A) describe the fundamental steps in recombinant DNA
technology;
(B) explain how recombinant DNA technology such as
nuclear transfer cloning is used to clone genes and create recombinant
proteins;
(C) explain the role of tissue cultures in genetic
modification procedures;
(D) describe plant- and animal-tissue culture procedures;
(E) compare and contrast growing conditions for plant
and animal tissue cultures;
(F) explain the role of restriction enzymes; and
(G) distinguish between vectors commonly used in biotechnology
for DNA insertion, including plasmids, adenoviruses, retroviruses,
and bacteriophages.
(10) The student examines federal, state, local, and
industry regulations as related to biotechnology. The student is expected
to:
(A) discuss the relationship between the local, state,
and federal agencies responsible for regulation of the biotechnology
industry such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); and
(B) analyze policies and procedures used in the biotechnology
industry such as quality assurance, standard operating procedures
(SOPs), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), and International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) quality systems.
(11) The student performs biotechnology laboratory
procedures. The student is expected to:
(A) measure volumes and weights to industry standards
with accuracy and precision;
(B) analyze data and perform calculations and statistical
analysis as it relates to biotechnology laboratory experiments;
(C) demonstrate proficiency in pipetting techniques;
(D) identify microorganisms using staining methods
such as the Gram stain, methylene-blue stain, and acid-fast staining;
(E) prepare a restriction digest, isolate nucleic acids,
and evaluate results using techniques such as gel and capillary electrophoresis,
Northern blot analysis, and Southern blot analysis;
(F) explain the importance of media components to the
outcome of cultures;
(G) isolate, maintain, and store microbial cultures
safely;
(H) prepare seed inoculum; and
(I) perform plating techniques such as streak plating,
spread plating, and the Kirby-Bauer method.
(12) The student prepares solutions and reagents for
the biotechnology laboratory. The student is expected to:
(A) demonstrate aseptic techniques for establishing
and maintaining a sterile work area;
(B) prepare, dispense, and monitor physical properties
of stock reagents, buffers, media, and solutions;
(C) calculate and prepare a dilution series; and
(D) determine optimum conditions of reagents for experimentation.
(13) The student conducts quality-control analysis
while performing biotechnology laboratory procedures. The student
is expected to:
(A) perform validation testing on laboratory reagents
and equipment; and
(B) analyze data and perform calculations and statistical
analysis on results of quality-control samples.
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