| (H) distinguish between scientific hypotheses, theories,
and laws.
(3) The student analyzes and interprets data to derive
meaning, identify features and patterns, and discover relationships
or correlations to develop evidence-based arguments or evaluate designs.
The student is expected to:
(A) identify advantages and limitations of models such
as their size, scale, properties, and materials;
(B) analyze data by identifying significant statistical
features, patterns, sources of error, and limitations;
(C) use mathematical calculations to assess quantitative
relationships in data; and
(D) evaluate experimental and engineering designs.
(4) The student develops evidence-based explanations
and communicates findings, conclusions, and proposed solutions. The
student is expected to:
(A) develop explanations and propose solutions supported
by data and models and consistent with scientific ideas, principles,
and theories;
(B) communicate explanations and solutions individually
and collaboratively in a variety of settings and formats; and
(C) engage respectfully in scientific argumentation
using applied scientific explanations and empirical evidence.
(5) The student knows the contributions of scientists
and recognizes the importance of scientific research and innovation
on society. The student is expected to:
(A) analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations
and solutions by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and
experimental and observational testing so as to encourage critical
thinking by the student;
(B) relate the impact of past and current research
on scientific thought and society, including research methodology,
cost-benefit analysis, and contributions of diverse scientists and
engineers as related to the content; and
(C) research and explore resources such as museums,
libraries, professional organizations, private companies, online platforms,
and mentors employed in a STEM field.
(6) The student explores the emerging field of biotechnology.
The student is expected to:
(A) define biotechnology and provide examples of biotechnology
products such as recombinant proteins, fermented foods, biopharmaceuticals,
and genetically modified foods;
(B) compare applications of bioinformatics such as
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcoding, sequencing, National Center
for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) tools, ClinVar, Genemonon Mastermind,
genetic testing, phylogenetic relationships, and the use of online
databases;
(C) research and identify career opportunities in genetics,
bioinformatics, and in fields such as molecular, forensic, medical,
regulatory, and agricultural biotechnology;
(D) identify significant contributions of diverse scientists
to biotechnology and explain their impact on society;
(E) define bioethics and evaluate the applications
of bioethics;
(F) evaluate different points of view about issues
and current events in biotechnology;
(G) identify applications in agricultural biotechnology
such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), plant propagation from
tissue culturing, and aquaculture hydroponics;
(H) identify applications in medical biotechnology
such as vaccines production, stem cells therapy, gene therapy, pharmaceutical
production, pharmacogenetics, genomics, synthetic biology, and personalized
medicine;
(I) identify applications in forensic biotechnology
such as capillary electrophoresis, real-time polymerase chain reaction,
DNA fingerprinting, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP)
analysis, toxicology, and serology; and
(J) identify solutions to waste through bioremediation
and non-biotechnological standard solutions such as landfills, incineration,
absorbent materials, and catalytic materials.
(7) The student summarizes biotechnology laboratory
procedures and their applications in the biotechnology industry. The
student is expected to:
(A) identify the major sectors of the biotechnology
industry such as medical and pharmaceutical, agricultural, industrial,
forensic, and research and development;
(B) identify the biotechnology laboratory procedures
used in each sector such as selective breeding, genetic engineering,
DNA analysis, and protein analysis; and
(C) compare and contrast the different applications
used in biotechnology laboratory procedures of each sector.
(8) The student understands the role of genetics in
the biotechnology industry. The student is expected to:
(A) explain terms related to molecular biology, including
nucleic acids, nitrogen bases, nucleotides, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, ribosomes,
amino acids, transcription, translation, polymerase, and protein synthesis;
(B) compare and contrast the structures and functions
of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA), including nitrogen bases, nucleotides,
the helical nature of DNA, and hydrogen bonding between purines and
pyrimidines;
(C) distinguish between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA
and their gamete sources;
(D) describe the DNA replication process in eukaryotic
and prokaryotic cells, including leading and lagging strands and Okazaki
fragments;
(E) illustrate the process of protein synthesis, including
ribosomal subunits and the role of tRNA;
(F) describe the structures and functions of proteins,
including three-dimensional folding, enzymes, and antibodies;
(G) explain the molecular structures of genes, including
enhancers, promoters, exons, introns, and coding regions;
(H) describe the different types of mutations, including
inversions, deletions, duplications, and substitutions;
(I) explain the effects of mutation types on phenotype
and gene function; and
(J) describe unique elements of the molecular structure
of a chromosome such as short tandem repeats (STR), transposons, and
methylation and acetylation of DNA.
(9) The student analyzes the importance of recombinant
DNA technology and genetic engineering. The student is expected to:
(A) describe the fundamental steps in recombinant DNA
technology;
(B) explain how recombinant DNA technology such as
nuclear transfer cloning is used to clone genes and create recombinant
proteins;
(C) explain the role of tissue cultures in genetic
modification procedures;
(D) describe plant- and animal-tissue culture procedures;
(E) compare and contrast growing conditions for plant
and animal tissue cultures;
(F) explain the role of restriction enzymes; and
(G) distinguish between vectors commonly used in biotechnology
for DNA insertion, including plasmids, adenoviruses, retroviruses,
and bacteriophages.
(10) The student examines federal, state, local, and
industry regulations as related to biotechnology. The student is expected
to:
(A) discuss the relationship between the local, state,
and federal agencies responsible for regulation of the biotechnology
industry such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA),
and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); and
(B) analyze policies and procedures used in the biotechnology
industry such as quality assurance, standard operating procedures
(SOPs), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), and International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) quality systems.
(11) The student performs biotechnology laboratory
procedures. The student is expected to:
(A) measure volumes and weights to industry standards
with accuracy and precision;
(B) analyze data and perform calculations and statistical
analysis as it relates to biotechnology laboratory experiments;
(C) demonstrate proficiency in pipetting techniques;
(D) identify microorganisms using staining methods
such as the Gram stain, methylene-blue stain, and acid-fast staining;
(E) prepare a restriction digest, isolate nucleic acids,
and evaluate results using techniques such as gel and capillary electrophoresis,
Northern blot analysis, and Southern blot analysis;
(F) explain the importance of media components to the
outcome of cultures;
(G) isolate, maintain, and store microbial cultures
safely;
(H) prepare seed inoculum; and
(I) perform plating techniques such as streak plating,
spread plating, and the Kirby-Bauer method.
(12) The student prepares solutions and reagents for
the biotechnology laboratory. The student is expected to:
(A) demonstrate aseptic techniques for establishing
and maintaining a sterile work area;
(B) prepare, dispense, and monitor physical properties
of stock reagents, buffers, media, and solutions;
(C) calculate and prepare a dilution series; and
(D) determine optimum conditions of reagents for experimentation.
(13) The student conducts quality-control analysis
while performing biotechnology laboratory procedures. The student
is expected to:
(A) perform validation testing on laboratory reagents
and equipment; and
(B) analyze data and perform calculations and statistical
analysis on results of quality-control samples.
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